Black
Twin was one of the prominent leaders of the Hokayuta,
an Oglala band that after 1876 was led by his brother No
Water. In
my research files, I have a copy of the following letter
dated Oct. 23, 1957 between Mari Sandoz and Edgar Stewart
regarding Black Twin:
Although
most of my Sioux material is in storage out west, I've
dug up what I can about the Twins as the Oglalas called
them. My recollection now is that they were born twins,
blood twins, but this is, as you know, sometimes difficult
to establish beyond any doubt. He
Dog said they were twins but this was through
a young interpreter who wasn't always too reliable in
the fine shadings of Old Lakota.
Black
Twin was at least 1/4 Cheyenne, some say 1/2, and White
Twin too, of course, if they were actual twins,
He's often said to have been part Cheyenne.
Both
Frank Grouard and his biographer, Joe DeBarthe were
liars, but in this Twin business there is truth. The
complication for the researcher comes from the complication
of the names. Black Twin is often referred to as simply
Twin, but so is White Twin. Sometimes they were called
Twin No. 1 and Twin No. 2 in the records, White Twin
the No. 2. In addition they both had other names. Black
Twin is often called Wakan or Holy Eagle, also
Holy Bald Eagle. Both Twins were called Holy upon occasion,
also Black Holy and White Holy. Because there were other
men whose names were interpreted similarly, the confusion
gets pretty thick.
Black
Twin, as you know, shows up frequently in the document
files of Red Cloud Agency in the National Archives,
from the creation of the agency in 1871 into 1877, usually
reported as coming in with Crazy
Horse. The document files of Fort Laramie
mention that emissaries were sent to him as early as
1866 asking him to come in with Man Afraid of
His Horse, Red
Cloud, and Red
Leaf. Apparently there was little hope
that White Twin could be coaxed in. His band, I gather,
hunted a little farther north in the earlier days, sometimes
coming down the Niobrara and then swinging up along
Pine Ridge to the Belle Fourche and back to the mouth
of the Tongue, following game, etc. White Twin had close
ties with the Minneconjous and the Crazy Horse Hunkpatilas
in the later years. His reticence and uncompromising
dedication to his people were said to have been greatly
influential, by example, in the later life of Crazy
Horse.
The
fact that the white man knew so little about so influential
a man testifies to the great respect he inspired in
the Lakotas. He will always be a misty figure because
he inspired this respect. One talked freely of a Red
Cloud, a Man Afraid, a Sitting
Bull, but White Twin, Crazy Horse, High
Back Bone were considered men of special dedication,
of special holiness, of closeness to the Great Powers,
and these names are seldom mentioned, should, in fact,
never be known upon the tongue.
Unfortunately
John Colhoff, who knew a great many things about these
men, is dead too now.
In
the Ricker Interviews at the Nebraska State Historical
Society is a wealth of unpublished material in these
pencil-written tablets of old Judge Ricker; I could
not have written my Indian books without them.
— Ephriam Dickson
A
few observations on Black Twin. I would assume he and
White Twin were born about 1825. There is a letter from
the Red Cloud Agent J.J. Saville which confirms the Sandoz
statement above - Black Twin was half-Cheyenne. I presume
that his mother was Cheyenne - the Hinman interviews indicate
that the father bore the name No Water, given to one of
The Twins' younger brothers. There is mention in an 1868
report of a brother of Black Twin who was prominent among
the Cheyennes. Called "Young Chief" in the report,
I think this is the Little Chief who was the ranking Northern
Cheyenne leader at Pine Ridge in the 1880s. Do you know
anything of other Cheyenne connections, Gary? (Incidentally
the Saville reports that Little
Big Man was another 'half-breed Cheyenne'.)
On
band background, as Ephriam states, the Black Twins were
the leading family of the Badger-Eaters. The interviews
conducted by Scudder Mekeel at Pine Ridge in 1931 throw
up invaluable information about this group. It was originally
(i.e., pre-1850) an extended family grouping
associated with the larger Tasnaheca (Ground
Squirrel) band, of whom the leading family was the Bad
Wounds. In turn the Tasnaheca was one constituent
sub-band of the Southern Oglalas, collectively known as
the Kiyaksa. In 1851-52, according to the Mekeel
interviews, the Black Twin tiwahe wintered alone,
had poor luck and - of course - killed and ate some badgers.
The resulting nickname stuck. The incident is connected
with a shift by the Badger-Eaters away from the Southern
Oglalas. They joined the Northern Oglala bands that hunted
southwest of the Black Hills. According to Victor Douville,
Lakota Studies Dept, Sinte Gleska University, the B-Es
became identified first with Man Afraid of His Horse's
band - the Hunkpatilas.
By
the time of the Bozeman Trail War, however, the B-Es had
become a sub-band of the Bad Faces. According to trader
G. P. Beauvais, in 1867 Black Twin was rated the fourth
chief of the Bad Faces - after Red Cloud, Brave
Bear, and Trunk. That same year
Black Twin begins to become clearer in the sources. He
begins a lifelong career of doing the opposite of whatever
Red Cloud does. In 1867, for example, Black Twin is consistently
identified with factions (e.g., Man Afraid of
His Horse, Brave Bear) of Northern Oglalas seeking a negotiated
solution to the Bozeman Trail crisis. By contrast, Red
Cloud was laying down a hard line - no peace until the
forts are physically abandoned. Black Twin's role in the
period 1868-70 is unclear, but by 1871, when Red Cloud
tries to build consensus around accepting an agency, off-reservation
but on the unceded territory, Black Twin was the key Northern
Oglala leader resisting. In spring 1872 he came in with
Red Cloud as far as Rawhide Creek, shared in the distribution
of annuities, but declined to actually visit Red Cloud
Agency No. 1. The following winter he and his band visited
briefly on the White River at the Brule agency (located
east of modern Crawford, Nebraska) but again did not visit
the Oglala agency.
I
have tried to reconstruct the relationship between Crazy
Horse and Black Twin in my biography of the former, due
out from University of Oklahoma Press this autumn. Basically
I think Black Twin's was a more measured, less reflexively
hostile, attitude than that of Crazy Horse. I was intrigued
by Sandoz's statement about White Twin. It reminds me
of a statement in Lt. W. P. Clark's summary report on
the Great Sioux War, in which he synthesised the accounts
of Indians surrendering at Red Cloud Agency in 1877. He
has a statement to the effect that it was an acknowledged
fact that some of the Lakota leaders considered the most
intelligent and perceptive were among the Northern or
non-treaty band leaders.
I
don't know whether Gary is aware of the extensive account
given by Johnson Holy Rock, a living descendant of White
Twin, in the recent Smithsonian Institution book on the
Little Bighorn, edited by Herman Viola. Johnson is a very
knowledgeable elder (a prominent Pine Ridge politician
in the 1950-2000 period). Another source: there is an
account of the hunka ceremony in the Buechel
Lakota Tales & Texts volumes, given by Thunder
Tail. I think Black Twin, who I suspect was Thunder
Tail's father, is the protagonist in the account, of a
specific hunka dated about 1850.
I
speculate in the Crazy Horse biography that he died about
February 1876. — Kingsley
Bray
I
had not picked up on the Johnson Holy Rock interview before,
but I have now read it. I note that he was told by his
father that Black Twin died on the way to Canada after
the Little Big Horn battle and that his twin brother,
Johnson's grandfather, White Twin/Holy Bull/Holy White
Buffalo, died on the way back. Neither of these accounts
tally with my investigations, although his account will
undoubtedly repay further examination.
Hardorff
(in The Death of Crazy Horse) says that Black
Twin died in a Northern Oglala camp on the Powder River
in 1875 according to Lakota sources. I conclude that this
is a likely date in the light of other circumstantial
evidence. I look forward to reading your Crazy Horse biography,
Kingsley, and will be interested to see your evidence
for a February 1876 date of death.
Hyde
(Red Cloud's Folk) says that Black Twin died
on the reservation in 1877 after surrendering with Crazy
Horse. With regard to White Twin, he goes on to say that
he fled to Canada with Sitting Bull and died there. Neither
statement appears to be supported by the Crazy Horse
Surrender Ledger which makes no mention of Black
Twin (unless he is recorded under another name- I will
look at this again), but records White Twin as surrendering
with Crazy Horse.
This
would also tend to contradict Johnson Holy Rock's information
that White Twin died on the way back from Canada. Having
said that, it seems strange that the elder Holy Rock,
who presumably supplied the information to Johnson, was
mistaken as to the circumstances of his father's death.
— Gary
He
Dog said that Black Twin died in the winter of 1975, I
don't remember well where I read that, probably in Camp's
notes. — Shatonska
He
surrendered with Crazy Horse but maybe he left for Canada
later, with Big Road
and the others, and then died on the return journey.
— Grahame Wood
Pine
Ridge man retells father's eyewitness account
By STEVE YOUNG
Argus Leader
published: 6/25/01
He
was born 135 years ago in the season of the blossoming
rosebushes, perhaps May or June according to Oglala
tradition, along the Tongue River in southeastern Montana.
Of
this much Johnson Holy Rock is certain when he talks
about his father, Jonas.
Holy
Rock knows, too, that the man he called "Dad"
was at the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25,
1876 -- a mere boy maybe 9 or 10 years old.
"Except
for a few times, he didn't often talk about the Little
Bighorn," says Holy Rock, 83, himself now a respected
elder among his people on the Pine Ridge Reservation
in southwestern South Dakota.
"I
do know he said that at the time the fighting started,
his mother and the other women grabbed the children
and ran for cover."
According
to the story Jonas Holy Rock told his son, they were
hiding in thick bushes along the Little Bighorn River
while Custer's men were being cut down on Last Stand
Hill.
At
some point, the boy's uncle rode down to the bank where
they were hiding, grabbed young Jonas by the arm and
swung him up on the back of his war pony.
"He
told him, 'Come. This day you will become a man,' "
Johnson Holy Rock says. "He was going to take him
up to join the last assault on the hill."
But
the boy's mother began crying, then reached up and grabbed
hold of her child. She had already lost a daughter to
some unarticulated illness in the past. She didn't want
to lose her son as well.
And
so he stayed.
"My
father used to say, 'I often wondered what it would
have been like if he had taken me up on that last final
charge on the hill,' " Holy Rock says. "He
said, 'Maybe I would have been hit by a stray bullet.'
"
At
the time of the battle, the Oglala were hunting on the
land of their traditional enemies, the Crow. Many historians
have argued that the Sioux were a warring people who
thought little of taking what they wanted, even among
fellow Indians.
But
Johnson Holy Rock downplays that bully image.
"In
bad seasons, most tribes look the other way to allow
even their enemies to hunt on their hunting grounds,"
he says. "I think that was the case here. They
were hungry. They knew they needed food."
As
a child, Jonas Holy Rock's Oglala name was Big Gall,
a name whose origin is unknown to his son. Big Gall's
father, Holy Bull, was co-chief of his Oglala band with
his twin brother, Holy Bald Eagle. Neither one of the
chiefs fought at Little Bighorn, Johnson Holy Rock says.
"Chiefs
were not allowed to participate in battle," he
says. "That was not their role. The chief's main
duty was to provide leadership and protection for the
people. They made the important decisions, such as determining
when the camp would move. But they did not fight."
Such
decisions emphasize what Holy Rock views as a society
much more highly organized than white America gave them
credit for.
"They
were viewed as savages," he says. "But I really
admire them for the structure and organization they
had in their society. And these were people who were
unlettered. Everything was done by oral language."
It
was done by storytelling, just as Jonas Holy Rock used
to do with his son, and as Johnson Holy Rock does now.
Stories that the Oglala consider to be an accurate reflection
of their past.
"What
he told me about Little Bighorn," Johnson Holy
Rock says, "I consider the truth."
Article
found by Grahame Wood
Here
is a working research paper I drafted on the Badger Eaters
and Black Twin.
NOTES
ON THE BADGER-EATERS
(HOKA-YUTA)
TIYOSPAYE
OF THE OGLALA TRIBE,
1800-1900
BY
KINGSLEY
M. BRAY
March,
2004.
“Hoka-yuta
tiyospaye etanhan Oglala oyate etu – There was a
Badger-Eaters band in the Oglala tribe”: so said George
Sword in a statement to Pine Ridge physician
James R. Walker. We can trace the band’s history back
into the early 19th Century, when it was a junior branch
of the larger Tasnaheca or Ground Squirrel band.
In that period the Oglalas lived along Bad River and the
south-east side of the Black Hills; Short Bull recalled
to Scudder Mekeel (1931 Field Notes, p. 64) that some
Tasnaheca camped “on this side of the Black Hills
. . . [found] many Badgers which they killed and ate.”
The name coined by their sarcastic kinsmen stuck.
The
leading family of the Badger-Eaters, the No Water tiwahe,
was connected to the Bad Wound and Black Stone families
that led the parent-Tasnaheca: No Water I (probably
born a little before 1800) and Black Stone III (born ca.
1805) were related (He Dog statement to Eleanor Hinman,
July 13, 1930, Nebraska State Historical Society), and
perhaps addressed each other as ‘brother’ or ‘cousin’.
No
Water I married a Cheyenne woman: his sons, the twins
Holy Bald Eagle (Black Twin) and Holy Buffalo (White Twin),
were born to this woman, about 1825. There seems to have
been at least one sister older than the twins. Another
daughter married Peter Richard, Sr., the trader (in 1841?).
She was known as Lucy Red Sack. Another
son, Little Chief (or Young Chief), was
probably another son of the Cheyenne wife, born ca. 1823:
in manhood he lived with his mother’s people, and became
a Cheyenne council chief. He and his band lived at Pine
Ridge in the 1880s. The youngest recorded son, No Water
II, was born ca. 1834.
In
the early 19th Century the Tasnaheca and the
Badger-Eaters were drawn into the orbit of the rapidly
growing Kiyuksa band, led by Bull
Bear. When the Kiyuksa divided in
1841 after the killing of Bull Bear by supporters of his
rival Smoke, the Tasnaheca were similarly divided:
Black Stone’s tiwahe joined the Smoke faction,
forming an important lineage within the now-independent
Bad Face band. No Water I’s tiwahe remained with
the Bull Bear or Bear People faction, which increasingly
hunted south of the North Platte River, summer hunting
on the Laramie Plains and wintering on Horse Creek.
Through
the 1840s the tiwahe was growing in numbers and
influence. I suspect that events of 1845-50 changed the
course of the tiwahe’s history, ensuring that
its future lay not with the Southern Oglalas or Bear People,
but among the Northern Oglalas. We know that in 1845 Bad
Wound II (born ca. 1805), who had been living with the
Hunkpatila band (he was the ranking akicita leader
there in 1844 [David Adams Journal, Museum of the Fur
Trade]) returned to claim his late father’s place at the
head of the Tasnaheca, after quarrelling with
Hunkpatila chief Old Man Afraid of His Horse over trade
and women. He was soon recognized as an important headman
in the Bear People council, and by 1851 was acknowledged
to be the most widely influential chief of the Southern
Oglalas. I infer that this sat ill with the No Water tiwahe.
Moreover, the epidemics of 1849-51 (first cholera, then
smallpox) seem to have dealt a severe blow to the Badger-Eaters.
Horn Chips
(born 1836), who lived in the Badger-Eaters camp, lost
his parents at this period, and it looks as if key members
of the No Water tiwahe died too.
In
the collection of Lakota Tales & Texts, collected
by Fr. Buechel, there is a story (No. 59) told by
Thunder Tail. John Colhoff stated that Thunder
Tail was a Badger-Eater, and at the 1877 surrender of
the ‘hostile’ Northern Oglalas, he was living in the tipi
of White Twin (nb. Black Twin himself had died a year
or more previously). This suggests that he was a ‘son’
of White Twin, and I believe that his biological father
was Black Twin himself. The story is the account of a
hunka ceremony conducted by Thunder Tail’s father
when a young man – immediately after he received a vision
message from a bald eagle (anukasan). Since Black
Twin’s other name was Holy Bald Eagle I feel sure that
this story relates to him. It states that he was mourning
the death of his elder sister, and speaks of a time when
many in the Oglala tribal village on the North Platte
River were sick. The hunka and other ceremonies
that he sponsored (including the Throwing of the Ball)
were fundamental in healing many people. I think this
is likely to be 1850, in the wake of the epidemics, and
from the sheer investment of family wealth in these ceremonies,
I infer that Black Twin is making a clear claim to a leading
status in his band.
This
surely set the family up as rivals of the Bad Wound interest,
so it need not surprise us too much to learn that the
following year, 1851-52, the Year of the Big Distribution
(Horse Creek Treaty), was remembered as when “the Badger
Eaters . . . broke away from the Tashnaitca”
(Charles Turning Hawk statement to Mekeel,
1931). This may have immediately followed the Treaty,
when Wazhazha band headman Scattering
Bear (Mato Wayuhi: often translated
Conquering Bear) was made chief of all the Lakotas by
the government. Scattering Bear was said to be Black Twin’s
cousin (Joseph No Water statement: Mekeel 1931 Field Notes,
p. 62), and another statement in the Mekeel interviews
makes me think that Black Twin was made a ‘soldier’ or
akicita in the share-out of treaty presents.
Such preferment could have deepened the jealousy between
the No Water and Bad Wound families.
The
Badger Eaters, probably only ten or fifteen lodges, joined
the Northern Oglalas near the Black Hills. In 1852 young
Horn Chips, of the Badger-Eaters, and the Hunkpatila youth
Curly Hair (later Crazy Horse) were made hunka
brothers. This could tie in with a statement by Victor
Douville to KMB – namely that the Black Twin tiyospaye
were for a time identified with Old Man Afraid of His
Horse and the Hunkpatila band. This may be so, but over
the next decade, the growing tiyospaye became
associated with Red Cloud’s Bad Face band, which was taking
an aggressive lead in opening up the Powder River hunting
grounds to the Lakotas. Cloud Shield’s
Winter Count for 1855-56 reports the killing of two Oglalas
by their own people – Torn Belly I and
his wife. The depiction of naked scalped bodies bristling
with arrows indicates a very serious dispute. Torn Belly
II (born ca. 1827) was a Badger-Eater – could the older
Torn Belly be his father or kinsman? He was probably a
Badger-Eaters elder, and while the reasons behind the
killings are unknown (could it be something to do with
accusations of witchcraft?), they coincided with the Harney
campaign against the Lakotas, when Old Man Afraid of His
Horse tried to keep the Oglalas out of the war. Red Cloud
and many Bad Faces took a less friendly attitude to the
Americans, so Oglala society was becoming polarised. I
suggest that Black Twin took the Badger-Eaters into the
Bad Face band at this time.
A
part of the tiyospaye did remain with the Southern
Oglalas. Information given to James R. Walker (Lakota
Society, p.21) states that a man named Shedding
Wolf led a Badger-Eaters tiyospaye associated
with the Bear People, probably in the 1870s. Little
Killer (younger brother of the Club Man
who married Crazy Horse’s sister) gave a valuable account
to Fr. Buechel of his activities in the warfare with troops
in the Republican River country in the late 1860s. He
reveals that in 1869 – after the Army emptied the Central
Plains of Lakotas and Cheyennes - his party joined the
Northern Oglalas. Since he then lived with the Badger-Eaters
in the north, it seems likely that he came from the Badger-Eaters
tiyospaye remaining with the Bear People. It
looks to me as if people from the south continued drifting
north right through the 1850s and 60s, many attaching
themselves to relatives in Black Twin’s camp. I find record
of the name Singing Bear, Mato Lowan,
in both Northern and Southern divisions: these may be
two related men from the Badger-Eaters. In this way I
suggest that the Badger-Eaters were steadily growing,
from 10+ lodges in 1851, to maybe 30-40 lodges (say 200
people) by 1870.
In
1856 I believe that both Black Twin and his younger brother
No Water II were appointed as, respectively, chief soldier
and soldier in the tribal hierarchy imposed by General
Harney’s treaty. In 1867, as the Bozeman Trail War was
peaking, Black Twin was recognised by U.S. Treaty Commissioner
G. P. Beauvais as the fourth chief of the Bad Faces. That
year he begins to come into focus as a political player.
From 1867 until his death in 1875/76, there is one strong
theme that runs right through his actions and policies:
I call it Doing the Opposite of Whatever Red Cloud is
Doing. In 1867, when Red Cloud was being chased by the
Treaty Commission to attend talks at Fort Laramie, Black
Twin was identified with a faction favouring negotiation.
Subsequently, in 1870-72, when Red Cloud became involved
in talks about locating a new Oglala agency, Black Twin
refused to visit the location. In fall 1872 he brought
the Badger-Eaters in to visit the Oglala winter camps
along upper White River (near modern Crawford), choosing
a time when Red Cloud himself had refused to camp there.
Jealousies between the men obviously cut deep. They were
about the same age (Black Twin probably a few years younger),
and clearly competing in feast and gift-giving for the
same constituency.
The
tension between the two men was scripted into tribal politics
because in August 1868 both men were selected as Shirt
Wearers by the Ska Yuha, the White Horse Owners,
the chiefs’ council for the joint Bad Face and Oyuhpe
bands. In 1871, following what the council believed to
be Red Cloud’s failure to achieve a workable agency scheme,
the Ska Yuha seems to have invested Black Twin
(perhaps temporarily) with a primary status – probably
he was given prime spokesman status. It hardly effected
Red Cloud’s influence with his closest adherents, but
it was the sort of symbolic or honour-status that was
crucially important to the Lakota.
In
any case, part of the Badger-Eaters were resident at Red
Cloud Agency. No Water II moved there about 1871, after
his quarrel with Crazy Horse – when the latter eloped
with No Water’s wife. He is listed in February 1874 as
one of the Oglala akicita who helped protect Red Cloud
Agency from ‘hostile’ Lakotas. Subsequently Red Cloud
“appointed [No Water] . . . to take care of these people
[the Ite Sica or Bad Face band at Red Cloud Agency]”
(Grant Short Bull statement to Mekeel, 1931 Fieldnotes
p. 64). I think this statement is reflected in the March
1876 Ration Roll from Red Cloud Agency, which is headed
by No Water, entitled to 20 beeves – by far the biggest
allowance. Since one beef was issued to each 30 people,
No Water had a purported 600 people in his band. I think
that this may be Red Cloud’s canny way of distancing himself
from the controversies surrounding the rationing culture.
Meanwhile,
tragedy struck the Northern Badger-Eaters camp early in
1876, when Black Twin unexpectedly died, just when the
Great Sioux War was about to open. White Twin assumed
the chieftainship of the tiyospaye: when the
large Crazy Horse Village of Northern Oglalas finally
surrendered at Red Cloud Agency on May 6, 1877, White
Twin’s tipi was the first one in the tally (Thunder Tail
was living in the same lodge). Although some of the band
probably joined agency relatives like No Water, White
Twin and other key families joined the flight to Canada
during the winter of 1877-78. White Twin seems to have
died during the flight north – this would explain Johnson
Holy Rock’s account in Herman Viola’s book Little
Bighorn Remembered, which states that White Twin
died after visiting the grave of Black Twin, “in the mountains
below the Rocky Mountains.”
The
Pine Ridge Reservation became the final homeland of the
Oglalas after 1878. Over the next decade, the Oglala bands
scattered across the reservation. The Badger-Eaters settled
near the confluence of White Clay Creek and White River,
north of modern Oglala. —
Kingsley Bray
In
his list, Colhoff mentioned the Hoka Yuta tiyospaye
under the leadership of Thunder Tail. Now I know he was
the son of Black Twin.
Also
interesting that Kingsley refers to Little Killer, - the
brother of Club Man who married with Crazy Horse's sister
- as a member of the Southern Hoka Yutas. —
Agnes
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